Crude extract of the tropical tree Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) for the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae / Extracto crudo del árbol tropical Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) para el control de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Introduction: Phytoinsecticides are alternatives to control insects in different stages, Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Phytolacaceae family, popularly known as pau d'alho, garlic tree, and guararema in Brazil, is known due to its strong alliaceous odor because of the presence of sulfur molecules in the plant. This species presents biological activity and potential insecticide effect that is still unexploited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of the ethanolic crude extract from G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits on the control of Aedes aegypti third-stage larvae and pupae. Methods: The botanical material was collected in city Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil at the coordinates (23º46'16" S & 53º19'38" WO), and altitude of 442 m, the fruits of G. integrifolia were collected in May and the leaves and flowers in December 2017. The crude extracts of G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits were prepared by dynamic maceration technique. The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry. The insecticidal activity of the crude extracts of G. integrifolia were carried out on larvae and pupae of A. aegypti in concentrations between 0.001 to 25 000 mg/mL, and afterwards the lethal concentrations that kill 50 % (LC50) and 99.9 % (LC99.9) were determined by probit analysis. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by bioautographic method at concentrations from 0.000095 to 50 mg/mL. Results: The yield of G. integrifolia crude extracts were 8.2, 9.1, and 17.3 % for flowers, fruits, and leaves, respectively. The chemical composition of G. integrifolia extracts was characterized by presence of fatty acid esters, phytosterols, vitamins, oxygenated diterpenes and organosulfur compounds. The flower extract presented the high amount of sulfur compounds (20.2 %) such as disulfide, bis (2-sulfhydryl ethyl) (11.9 %), 2,3,5-trithiahexane (6.2 %), 1,2,4-trithiolane (1.1 %), and 2,4-dithiapentane (1.1 %). Regarding the insecticidal activity, flower extract showed highly active with LC99.9 of 0.032 mg/mL and LC99.9 of 0.969 mg/mL on A. aegypti larvae and pupae, respectively, and the highest inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (0.00019 mg/mL) ex situ. The flower extract presented anticholinesterase and larvicide activity, respectively, 12.8 % and 35.6 % greater than the control temephos. Conclusions: This study opens new perspectives on the use of extracts from G. integrifolia as a bioinsecticide alternative for the control of A. aegypti larvae and pupae.

Introducción: Los fitoinsecticidas son alternativas para el control de insectos en diferentes etapas, Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, familia Phytolacaceae, conocida popularmente como pau d'alho, árbol de ajo y guararema en Brasil, es conocida por su fuerte olor aliáceo debido a la presencia de moléculas de azufre en la planta. Esta especie presenta actividad biológica y potencial efecto insecticida que aún no está explotado. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad biológica del extracto crudo etanólico de las hojas, flores y frutos de G. integrifolia en el control de las larvas y pupas de la tercera etapa de Aedes aegypti. Métodos: El material botánico fue recolectado en la ciudad de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil (23º46'16" S & 53º19'38" W), a una altitud de 442 m y los frutos de G. integrifolia fueron recolectados en mayo de 2017 y las hojas y flores en diciembre del mismo año. Los extractos crudos de hojas, flores y frutos de G. integrifolia se prepararon por técnica de maceración dinámica. La composición química de los extractos se determinó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad insecticida de los extractos crudos de G. integrifolia fue evaluada en larvas y pupas de A. aegypti en concentraciones entre 0.001 a 25 000 mg/mL, y las concentraciones letales que matan 50 % (CL50) y 99.9 % (CL99.9) de larvas fueron determinados por análisis de probit. La actividad anticolinesterasa fue evaluada por método bioautográfico en concentraciones de 0.000095 a 50 mg/mL. Resultados: El rendimiento de los extractos crudos de G. integrifolia fue de 8.2, 9.1 y 17.3 % para flores, frutos y hojas, respectivamente. La composición química de los extractos de G. integrifolia se caracterizó por la presencia de ésteres de ácidos grasos, fitosteroles, vitaminas, diterpenos oxigenados y compuestos organosulfurados. El extracto de las flores presentó alta cantidad de compuestos de azufre (20.2 %) como disulfuro, bis(2-sulfhidril etilo) (11.9 %), 2,3,5-tritiahexano (6.2 %), 1,2,4-tritiolano (1.1 %) y 2,4-ditiapentano (1.1 %). En relación con la actividad insecticida, el extracto de las flores mostró una gran actividad con CL99.9 de 0.032 mg/mL y CL99.9 de 0.969 mg/mL en larvas y pupas de A. aegypti, respectivamente, y la inhibición más alta de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa (0.00019 mg/mL) ex situ. El extracto de las flores presentó actividad anticolinesterasa y larvicida, 12.8 y 35.6 %, respectivamente, mayor que el control temephos. Conclusiones: Este estudio abre nuevas perspectivas sobre el uso de extractos de G. integrifolia como alternativa bioinsecticida para el control de larvas y pupas de A. aegypti.

Halitosis en otorrinolaringología: una revisión de la literatura / Halitosis in otolaryngology: a review of the literature

RESUMEN La halitosis es un motivo de consulta frecuente y que puede repercutir de gran manera en la calidad de vida de quien la presenta. Puede dividirse en halitosis genuina, pseudohalitosis y halitofobia. De las halitosis genuinas, cerca del 90% son secundarias a patología de la cavidad oral. En otorrinolaringología, las principales causas responden a tonsilolitiasis, patología rinosinusal y cuerpos extraños nasales. Existen distintos métodos diagnósticos que permiten medir e identificar la halitosis, con sus beneficios y desventajas. Las medidas generales de higiene oral, así como intervenciones específicas deben estar basadas en la evidencia a cargo de un equipo multidisciplinario que permita garantizar mejores resultados.

ABSTRACT Halitosis is a frequent health problem, that can have a huge impact in the quality of life of those affected. It can be classified as genuine halitosis, pseudohalitosis and halitophobia. Of genuine halitosis, approximately 90% is originated from the oral cavity. In otorhinolaryngology, most frequent causes are tonsiloliths, rhinosinusitis and nasal foreign bodies. There are different diagnostic methods, each one with its benefits and disadvantages. General measures of oral hygiene, as specific interventions must be evidence-based in charge of a multidisciplinary team that guarantees better results.

Estudo longitudinal da halitose por meio da cromatografia gasosa / Longitudinal study of halitosis through gas chromatography

Objetivos: correlacionar os exames organolépticos (método subjetivo) e a cromatografia gasosa (método objetivo) para diagnóstico conclusivo da halitose e avaliar o comportamento dos compostos sulfurados voláteis (CSVs) durante o manuseio clínico desta patologia. Metodologia: estudo longitudinal com 19 pacientes submetidos ao diagnóstico de halitose, com exames organolépticos (EOt1) e cromatografia gasosa (ECGt1) realizados durante a consulta inicial, com todos os pacientes oriundos do município de Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul. Todos os 38 exames complementares foram confrontados entre si, por meio do teste estatístico Qui-Quadrado de independência. Para acompanhamento clínico da efetividade do tratamento da halitose e, consequentemente, análise do comportamento dos CSVs, outros quatro exames de cromatografia gasosa (ECGt2, ECGt3, ECGt4 e ECGt5) foram realizados para cada paciente, e todos (95) comparados entre si, pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: a correlação entre EOt1 e ECGt1 obteve concordância em 78,9% dos casos, indicando forte associação (p = 0,002) entre ambos. Ao avaliar a monitorização dos compostos sulfurados H2S, CH3SH e (CH3)2S, todos envolvidos em alguma fase da gênese da halitose, houve significativa redução de todos os compostos. Conclusões: os exames de cromatografia gasosa (objetivo) e organoléptico (subjetivo) são equivalentes para diagnóstico inicial da halitose, pois apresentaram correlação estatística significante. Em relação à monitorização do tratamento da halitose, a cromatografia gasosa se mostrou eficiente, apresentando altos índices de redução de todos os CSVs. (AU)

Objectives: To correlate organoleptic evaluations (subjective method) and gas chromatography (objective method) for the conclusive diagnosis of halitosis and to examine the behavior of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) during the clinical management of this pathology. Methodology: Longitudinal study with 19 patients diagnosed with halitosis through organoleptic evaluations (EOt1) and gas chromatography (ECGt1), both applied during the initial appointment. All patients were from the city of Ijuí, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All 38 complementary analyses were compared using the chi-square test of independence. Regarding the clinical follow-up on the effectiveness of halitosis treatment, and consequently the analysis of VSC behavior, four other gas chromatography tests (ECGt2, ECGt3, ECGt4, and ECGt5) were conducted with each patient, and all (95) were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Results: The correlation between EOt1 and ECGt1 showed concordance in 78.9% of cases, indicating a strong association (p=0.002). The evaluation of the monitoring of sulfate compounds H2S, CH3SH, and (CH3) 2S, which are all involved in some phase of the halitosis genesis, showed a significant reduction of all compounds. Conclusions: The gas and chromatography and organoleptic tests are equivalent for the initial diagnosis of halitosis because they presented significant statistical correlation. Regarding the monitoring of halitosis treatment, gas chromatography was efficient, presenting high reduction rates of all VSC. (AU)

Effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate Tongue Scraper on Oral Levels of Volatile Sulfur Compounds: a randomized clinical trial / Efeito do raspador de língua de polietilenotereftalato nos níveis orais de compostos sulfurados voláteis: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) tongue scraper on the volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels. Material and Methods: A randomized, controlled, parallel design was used in this study. Out of the 48 volunteers from Dentistry Department of the Federal University of Sergipe, 40 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): G1 (control), rinsing of distilled water solution (WS); G2, WS and tongue coating removal (TCR) with toothbrush; G3, WS and TCR with a commercial tongue scraper; and G4, WS and TCR with PET tongue scraper. PET bottles were cut with a rectangular shape (1.0 cm wide x 20 cm long) to obtain PET tongue scraper. The VSC measurements were performed before (T0) and immediately after (T1) each therapy by portable sulfide monitor. Data (ppb) were submitted to Wilcoxon test (α=0.05). The differences between T0 and T1 were calculated and percentage values were assigned. Data (percentage) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (α=0.05). Results: All 40 selected subjects completed the study. All groups reduced significantly the VSC levels after therapy (P<0.01). ANOVA indicated a significant difference among groups (P<0.001). The Tukey test showed that G1 (reduction of 21%) was similar to G2 (31%); G2 was similar to G3 (42%) and different from G4 (52%); G3 and G4 were similar. Conclusion: PET tongue scraper was similar to commercial tongue scraper and provided higher reductions of VSC levels than the toothbrush. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do raspador de língua de polietilenotereftalato (PET) nos níveis de compostos sulfurados voláteis (CSVs). Material e Métodos: Um desenho paralelo, controlado e randomizado foi empregado neste estudo. Dos 48 voluntários do Departamento de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 40 atenderam ao critério de inclusão e foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n=10): G1 (controle), bochecho com solução de água destilada (SA); G2, SA e remoção da saburra lingual (RSL) com escova dental; G3, SA e RSL com um raspador de língua comercial; e G4, SA e RSL com raspador de língua PET. Garrafas PET foram recortadas com uma forma retangular (1,0 cm de largura x 20 cm de comprimento) para obtenção dos raspadores de língua PET. As mensurações de CSVs foram realizadas antes (T0) e imediatamente após (T1) cada terapia usando um monitor portátil de enxofre. Os dados (ppb) foram submetidos ao teste de Wilcoxon (α=0,05). As diferenças entre T0 e T1 foram calculadas e transformadas em valores percentuais de redução. Os dados (percentuais) foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Resultados: Todos os 40 indivíduos selecionados completaram o estudo. Em todos os grupos houve redução significante dos níveis de CSVs após terapia (P<0,01). ANOVA indicou uma diferença significante entre grupos (PP<0,001). O teste de Tukey mostrou que G1 (redução de 21%) foi semelhante a G2 (31%); G2 foi semelhante a G3 (42%) e diferente de G4 (52%); G3 e G4 foram semelhantes. Conclusão: O raspador de língua PET foi semelhante ao raspador de língua comercial e proporcionou maiores reduções de CSVs do que a escova dental. (AU)

An overview of odoriferous marine seaweeds of the Dictyopteris genus: insights into their chemical diversity, biological potential and ecological roles

ABSTRACT Since the middle of the twentieth century the marine algae have attracted attention as a source of new drugs. Dictyopteris is an important group of marine seaweeds and is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. This genus is known by its characteristic "ocean smell". Some species show a distinct phytochemistry, with specific secondary metabolites, including C11-hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds and quinone derivatives, not usually found in marine seaweeds and described for the first time in the literature. Furthermore, several terpenes, steroids and halogenated compounds have been described. This chemical diversity gives it interesting biological properties, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-herbivory activities. These findings highlight the importance to continue investigations on this genus and the need to compile the data available so far, since the species are quite heterogeneous, notably in relation to the chemical constitution. This paper reviews the literature on the Dictyopteris genus, focusing on its secondary metabolites and biological activities, in order to build the base for further studies.

Assessment of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Adult and Pediatric Chronic Tonsillitis Patients Receiving Tonsillectomy

OBJECTIVES.: To study the volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentration profile in chronic tonsillitis patients before and after tonsillectomy, and to evaluate the difference between adult and pediatric (children and adolescents) patients. METHODS.: Thirty adult patients (older than 20 years old) and 30 pediatric patients (younger than 20 years old) who were assigned to get tonsillectomy due to chronic tonsillitis were enrolled in this prospective nonrandomized clinical study. The concentrations of the three main VSCs related to halitosis (hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide) were assessed in each patient using a portable chromatograph (Oral ChromaTM) at 1 day before operation, postoperative 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks. RESULTS.: Average concentration of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide preoperatively were 99.5 ppb, 24.6 ppb, and 9.45 ppb in adult patients, and 97.4 ppb, 26 ppb, and 10.5 ppb in pediatric patients, respectively. The concentrations of the three VSCs in both groups were highest in first day after surgery, and decreased signigicantly after 2 weeks compared to preoperative values (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference of the concentration of the three VSCs between adult and pediatric patients in any time point. CONCLUSION.: The concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide decreased significantly after tonsillectomy in chronic tonsillitis patients. The concentrations of the three VSCs were not significantly different between pediatric and adult patients before and after tonsillectomy.

Determination of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Seawater and Atmosphere / 分析化学

Volatile sulfur compounds ( VSCs) in the marine environment has significant implications for global climate change. In the present study, a gas chromatographic analytical method was set up to determine the concentrations of VSCs in seawater and atmosphere, and the optimized experimental conditions were established. For the analysis of VSCs in atmosphere, multistage traps and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS ) were used, with the precisions of 7. 7% -15. 1% and the detection limits of 0. 23-4. 7 ng. Moreover, for the analyses of VSCs in seawater, pre-concentration and gas chromatography coupled with flame photometric detector ( GC-FPD) were utilized, with the precisions of 3. 5%-5. 3% and the detection limits of 2. 5-3. 5 ng. This method was applied to analyze the VSCs in Qingdao coastal seawater and atmosphere, and the average concentrations of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the seawater were (268 ± 58 ) , ( 1264 ± 278 ) , ( 19 ± 2 ) pmol/L, and ( 543 ± 39 ) , ( 29 ± 9 ) , ( 56 ± 20 ) ( ×10-12 , V/V) in the atmosphere, respectively.

Determination of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Seawater and Atmosphere / 分析化学

Volatile sulfur compounds ( VSCs) in the marine environment has significant implications for global climate change. In the present study, a gas chromatographic analytical method was set up to determine the concentrations of VSCs in seawater and atmosphere, and the optimized experimental conditions were established. For the analysis of VSCs in atmosphere, multistage traps and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS ) were used, with the precisions of 7. 7% -15. 1% and the detection limits of 0. 23-4. 7 ng. Moreover, for the analyses of VSCs in seawater, pre-concentration and gas chromatography coupled with flame photometric detector ( GC-FPD) were utilized, with the precisions of 3. 5%-5. 3% and the detection limits of 2. 5-3. 5 ng. This method was applied to analyze the VSCs in Qingdao coastal seawater and atmosphere, and the average concentrations of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the seawater were (268 ± 58 ) , ( 1264 ± 278 ) , ( 19 ± 2 ) pmol/L, and ( 543 ± 39 ) , ( 29 ± 9 ) , ( 56 ± 20 ) ( ×10-12 , V/V) in the atmosphere, respectively.

Magnetic Field Enhanced Photoelectron Ionization Source Portable TOF-MS and Its Application in Analysis of Volatile Reduced Sulfur Compounds / 分析化学

Reduced sulfur compounds ( RSCs) are one of the main pollutant species in the atmosphere, so it is of great significance to develop a rapid and on-line approaches for their detection. In this study, a portable time-of-flight mass spectrometer ( TOF-MS) with magnetic field enhanced photoelectron ionization source was designed to detect RSCs. The photoelectron ionization source was induced from vacuum ultraviolet photons which generated from vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp with energy of 10. 6 eV. The energy of photoelectrons was controlled by adjusting the extraction voltage to produce the photoelectron ionization, and an annular magnet was used in the ionization region to improve the ionization efficiency of photoelectrons. From the simulation result by SIMION software, it was found that the introduction of magnet field made the motion trajectroies of electrons in the helical motion increase and the convergence of electron at the ionization source was achieved. Experimental results showed that after introducing the magnet filed, the sensitivity of H2 S, SO2 and CS2 was improved by a factor of 5. 3, 9. 4 and 6. 9, respectively. With a detection time of 50 s, the limits of detection for H2S, SO2 and CS2 were 0. 14, 0. 52 and 0. 31 mg/m3(S/N=3), respectively. It could be concluded that the portable TOF-MS with magnetic field enhanced photoelectron ionization source has great potential to be applied for on-line monitoring of volatile sulfides at the emission source.

Analysis of volatile sulfur compounds production of oral cavity in preschool children and influencing factors / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of volatile sulfur compounds ( VSC ) in oral cavity of preschool children, and to analyze related factors, thus to provide scientific basis for the prediction and treatment of halitosis. Methods:The VSC content ( hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sul-fide) of 170 preschool children (4 to 6 years old) was detected by a portable gas chromatograph Oral-ChromaTM . The status of the oral health was evaluated. The living habits and other aspects were obtained through questionnaires from the children' s parents. A soft package for social statistics version 13. 0 ( SPSS 13 . 0 ) was used in which univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were utilized to analyze the related factors of halitosis in children. Results:In the study, 34. 4% of the total subjects had excessive VSC. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) [(1. 59 ± 2. 41) ng/10 mL] and total VSC concentration [(2. 14 ± 4. 42) ng/10 mL] in the girls were significantly higher (P<0. 05) than those in the boys. The tongue coating score had a significant positive correlation with H2S [tongue coating area (1. 68 ± 2. 48) ng/10 mL,tongue coating thickness (2. 18 ± 2. 69) ng/10 mL] and total VSC concentration [ tongue coating area, (2. 26 ± 4. 31) ng/10 mL,tongue coating thickness (2. 41 ± 3. 02) ng/10 mL , P<0. 01]. The site number of DI-S≥2 had a significant positive correlation with methyl mercaptan ( CH3 SH) and dime-thyl sulfide [(CH3)2S] concentration (P<0. 01). The concentration of H2S [(1. 19 ± 1. 62) ng/10 mL] in children, whose mother had a higher degree of education, was statistically lower (P<0. 01).The children who took dessert or sweat drinks more frequently had lower H2S [(1. 04 ± 1. 55) ng/10 mL, P<0. 05] concentration, while CH3SH and (CH3)2S concentration [(0. 29 ± 1. 92) ng/10 mL, (0. 37 ± 2. 06) ng/10 mL, P<0. 05) were higher in the children with mouth -breath habit. Conclu-sion:A high prevalence of halitosis was noted in preschool children. Gender, tongue coating index, deb-ris index-simplified, status of the mother' s education, frequency of eating dessert or sweat drinks and dry mouth breath were related with halitosis of preschool children. The different related factors resulted in changes of each VSC concentration.

Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 on Halitosis Induced by Periodontopathogens

Halitosis is caused by consumption of certain foods or drinks and production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by periodontopathogens. VSCs-related halitosis is not easily removed using mechanical or chemical therapies such as dental floss, plaque control and mouth rinse. Lactobacillus are known to be probiotics and stimulate immune systems of human. Furthermore, L. casei ATCC 334 and L. rhamnosus GG have an effect on protection of dental caries in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of Lactobacillus on halitosis by Fusobacterium nucleatum- and Porphyromonas gingivalis- producing VSCs and to analyze inhibitory mechanism. The periodontopathogens were cultivated in the presence or the absence Lactobacillus, and the level of VSCs was measured by gas chromatograph. For analysis of inhibitory mechanisms, the susceptibility assay of the spent culture medium of Lactobacillus against F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis was investigated. Also, the spent culture medium of Lactobacillus and periodontopathogens were mixed, and the emission of VSCs from the spent culture medium was measured by gas chromatograph. L. casei and L. rhamnosus significantly reduced production of VSCs. L. casei and L. rhamnosus exhibited strong antibacterial activity against F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. The spent culture medium of L. casei inhibited to emit gaseous hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide from the spent culture medium of periodontopathogens. However, the spent medium of L. rhamnosus repressed only dimethyl sulfide. L. casei ATCC 334 may improve halitosis by growth inhibition of periodontopathogens and reduction of VSCs emission.

Sulfane sulfur deficiency in malignant cells, increasing the inhibiting action of acetone cyanohydrin in tumor growth

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the irreversible poisoning action of the acetone cyanohydrin (AC) in malignant cells. METHODS: Thirty male Swiss mice were inoculated with 1x10³ Ehrlich tumor (ET) cells. The mice were divided into three groups (n=10): CG (saline); ACG1 (1.864 mg/Kg of AC) and ACG2 (2.796 mg/Kg of AC), treated every 48 hours from day 3 until day 13. On day 15 the mice were euthanized and the number of viable cells in ascites was determined. In the meantime, ET cells were incubated with AC (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 μg/mL). Cell viability and percentage of growth inhibition (PGI) were checked after one, two, three, four, 18 and 24 hours. RESULTS: There was reduction in volume and number of viable cells in ACG1 and ACG2 compared to CG. In ACG1 one of the animals did not present ascites. In ACG2 two mice did not present ascites and in CG none of the mice present ascites. The action of AC was dose and time dependent and there was no significant difference among the three doses. CONCLUSION: The acetone cyanohydrin promoted reduction of the tumor and also prevented tumor development in 20% of the treated animals.

Relación entre los niveles de compuestos volátiles sulfurados con los niveles de RANKL y OPG en pacientes con periodontitis crónica moderada o severa: estudio transversal / Relationship between the levels of volatile sulfur compounds with the levels of RANKL and OPG in patients with moderate or severe periodontitis: A cross sectional study

Antecedentes: El efecto de los Compuestos Volátiles Sulfurados (CVS) sobre los tejidos periodontales, específicamente a nivel del eje RANKL/OPG, no ha sido dilucidado y en la actualidad existe escasa literatura al respecto publicada. Objetivo: Evaluar si los CVS medidos en la cavidad oral de pacientes con periodontitis crónica moderada a severa se relacionan con la expresión de RANKL y OPG a nivel de fluido gingival crevicular (FGC). Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 71 pacientes derivados de la Unidad de Diagnóstico de la Clínica Odontológica Docente Asistencial de la Universidad de los Andes. Posterior a la realización de un examen periodontal completo se tomaron muestra de los niveles de CVS de la boca de los pacientes mediante un monitor de sulfuros y muestras de FGC para evaluar los niveles de RANKL y OPG mediante test de ELISA. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante test de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Al evaluar la correlación de los niveles de CVS con los niveles de RANKL, OPG y la razón RANKL/OPG, se observó un R de 0.098 con un p value = 0.41; -0.084 con un p value= 0.48 y 0.067 con un p value = 0.57 respectivamente. Conclusiones: El presente estudio no pudo demostrar si existe una relación entre los niveles de CVS con la expresión de RANKL y OPG en el FGC de pacientes con periodontitis crónica.

Background: The effect of the Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC) on the periodontal tissues, specifically at the RANKL/OPG level has not been elucidate and there is little literature published on this subject. Aim: To explore if the VSC levels measured in the oral cavity of patients with moderate or severe chronic periodontitis are correlated with the expression of RANKL and OPG at the gingival fluid level (GF). Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 71 patients referred by the Universidad de los Andes’s dentistry diagnosis department. After undergoing full-mouth periodontal exam, levels of CVS were recorded using a sulfur monitor and then GF was extracted to assess RANKL and OPG levels with ELISA. Data was analyzed with Spearman correlation test. Results: The correlation (R) between the VSC and the GF levels was 0.098 with a p value = 0.41; -0.084 with a p value = 0.48 y 0.067 with a p value = 0.57 respectively. Conclusions: This study could not demonstrate if there is a relation between the VSC levels and the expression of RANKL and OPG in the GF in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose / Effect of periodontal treatment full-mouth and conventional in the reduction of halitosis

A halitose se caracterizada pela emanação de um odor desagradável onde cerca de 90% de se origina dentro da cavidade oral. Estudos têm demonstrado uma relação direta entre a doença periodontal e o odor ofensivo do hálito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência e distribuição de halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal em um estudo transversal observacional (n=112) e, em um estudo intervencionista, avaliar o efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal. Os pacientes responderam a uma anamnese, tiveram seu hálito mensurado pelo halímetro e teste organoléptico, além de realizados Índice de placa visível, Índice de sangramento gengival, Índice de saburra lingual e exame periodontal completo. No estudo 2, os pacientes foram submetidos a seis distintas formas de tratamento: terapia periodontal em sessão única, terapia convencional em quadrantes e, um grupo controle, com somente instrução de higiene oral. Todas as modalidades subdivididas: com e sem raspagem lingual diária. No primeiro estudo os resultados mostraram que, tanto para teste organoléptico quanto para o halímetro, houve maior grau de halitose nos grupos de idades mais avançadas, nos que relataram sangramento gengival e escovação menos que três vezes ao dia. Ainda no teste organoléptico a escovação de língua gerou diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre as medidas de halitose entre teste organoléptico e halímetro. Foram encontrados aproximadamente 75% de pacientes periodontais com halitose. No segundo estudo os resultados mostraram superioridade conforme análise do halímetro para 30, 60 e 90 dias para os grupos de raspagem em sessão única contra raspagem por quadrantes. Sendo todos os grupos superiores ao controle. Não houve diferença na abordagem com ou sem a raspagem de língua. De acordo com o teste ...

Halitosis is characterized by the emission of an unpleasant odor about 90% originates in the oral cavity. Studies have shown a direct relationship between periodontal disease and the offensive odor of breath. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of halitosis in patients with periodontal disease in an observational cross-sectional study (n = 112) and, in an intervention study, the patients have had six distinct forms of treatment (n = 90) to verify the efficacy of full- vs. partial-mouth disinfection in the control of halitosis. Patients answered an interview, they have had their breath collected by halimeter, they have evaluated by organoleptic test, and visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, index of tongue coating and periodontal examination. In the second step, patients have been submitted to six different forms of treatment: periodontal therapy in one session, conventional therapy in quadrants, and the control group, with only oral hygiene instruction. All types split: with and without tongue scraping daily. The first study results shown for both organoleptic test as halimeter, a greater degree of halitosis in the older age groups, we have reported that gum bleeding and brushing less than three times per day. Still in organoleptic test brushing of tongue generated statistical difference. There was no statistical difference between the measures between halitosis and organoleptic test halimeter. There was about 75% og periodontal patients with halitosis. In the second study the results shown the superiority analysis as halimeter for 30, 60 and 90 days for groups of scraping in single session against scraping by quadrants. Being all groups superior from control. There was no difference in approach with or without tongue scraping. According to the organoleptic test, there was no difference between the four types of periodontal treatment compared to the control groups. The same ...

Efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose / Effect of periodontal treatment full-mouth and conventional in the reduction of halitosis

A halitose se caracterizada pela emanação de um odor desagradável onde cerca de 90% de se origina dentro da cavidade oral. Estudos têm demonstrado uma relação direta entre a doença periodontal e o odor ofensivo do hálito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência e distribuição de halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal em um estudo transversal observacional (n=112) e, em um estudo intervencionista, avaliar o efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal. Os pacientes responderam a uma anamnese, tiveram seu hálito mensurado pelo halímetro e teste organoléptico, além de realizados Índice de placa visível, Índice de sangramento gengival, Índice de saburra lingual e exame periodontal completo. No estudo 2, os pacientes foram submetidos a seis distintas formas de tratamento: terapia periodontal em sessão única, terapia convencional em quadrantes e, um grupo controle, com somente instrução de higiene oral. Todas as modalidades subdivididas: com e sem raspagem lingual diária. No primeiro estudo os resultados mostraram que, tanto para teste organoléptico quanto para o halímetro, houve maior grau de halitose nos grupos de idades mais avançadas, nos que relataram sangramento gengival e escovação menos que três vezes ao dia. Ainda no teste organoléptico a escovação de língua gerou diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre as medidas de halitose entre teste organoléptico e halímetro. Foram encontrados aproximadamente 75% de pacientes periodontais com halitose. No segundo estudo os resultados mostraram superioridade conforme análise do halímetro para 30, 60 e 90 dias para os grupos de raspagem em sessão única contra raspagem por quadrantes. Sendo todos os grupos superiores ao controle. Não houve diferença na abordagem com ou sem a raspagem de língua. De acordo com o teste...

Halitosis is characterized by the emission of an unpleasant odor about 90% originates in the oral cavity. Studies have shown a direct relationship between periodontal disease and the offensive odor of breath. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of halitosis in patients with periodontal disease in an observational cross-sectional study (n = 112) and, in an intervention study, the patients have had six distinct forms of treatment (n = 90) to verify the efficacy of full- vs. partial-mouth disinfection in the control of halitosis. Patients answered an interview, they have had their breath collected by halimeter, they have evaluated by organoleptic test, and visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, index of tongue coating and periodontal examination. In the second step, patients have been submitted to six different forms of treatment: periodontal therapy in one session, conventional therapy in quadrants, and the control group, with only oral hygiene instruction. All types split: with and without tongue scraping daily. The first study results shown for both organoleptic test as halimeter, a greater degree of halitosis in the older age groups, we have reported that gum bleeding and brushing less than three times per day. Still in organoleptic test brushing of tongue generated statistical difference. There was no statistical difference between the measures between halitosis and organoleptic test halimeter. There was about 75% og periodontal patients with halitosis. In the second study the results shown the superiority analysis as halimeter for 30, 60 and 90 days for groups of scraping in single session against scraping by quadrants. Being all groups superior from control. There was no difference in approach with or without tongue scraping. According to the organoleptic test, there was no difference between the four types of periodontal treatment compared to the control groups. The same...

Synthesis and Characterization of Methylsulfonium Salt in Diesel Fraction Using Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

Sulfur compounds in the diesel were selectively derived into methylsulfonium salts by reacting with iodomethane in the presence of silver tetrafluoroborate, and characterized by positive-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR MS). The conversion ratios and react selectivities of the methylation for various sulfur compounds were investigated by gas chromatograph coupled with pulse flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD). Result shows that the sulfur compounds in the diesel can react with iodomethane easily at room temperature, the most of sulfur compound derived into methylsulfonium salts;the homologue of benzothiophene get the higher conversion ratio and react selectivity than the homologue of dibenzothiophene (DBT). It is found that primarily sterically hindered alkylated DBT, for example, 4- or 4-, 6- DBT, is recalcitrant to be methylated. Other than benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes, one- and two-ring sulfides, as well as other sulfur compounds with a double bond equivalent (DBE) value ranged from 1 to 12 are identified in the diesel.

Remoção da saburra lingual: comparação da eficiência de três técnicas / Tongue coating removal: comparison of the efficiency of three techniques

Objetivo: Comparar a eficiência de três técnicas de limpeza da língua, através da quantidade de saburra lingual removida em cada técnica. Métodos: Foram realizadas limpezas das línguas, utilizando uma escova de dentes Oral B 30, (Procter&Gamble, São Paulo, Brasil), um raspadorde língua Saúde Bucal (Odomed, São Paulo, Brasil) e uma nova técnica de limpeza da língua, com o limpador de língua com cerdas e aresta raspadora e solução em spray para limpeza da língua, Hálito Fresco® (Halitus, Campinas, Brasil). Quinze voluntários saudáveis submeteram-se a cada uma das técnicas, uma vez a cada 21 dias. Os voluntários foram orientados a não efetuar nenhum procedimento de limpeza da língua nas 48 horas anteriores à aplicação de cada técnica. Em cada sessão, realizava-se uma das técnicas de limpeza da língua, de modo já padronizado, coletando a saburra removida em um tubo de ensaio. Resultados: Os resultados eram obtidos através do peso do tubo com a saburra lingual (peso final) subtraído do peso do tubo vazio. Nossos achados demonstraram que a nova técnica de limpeza da língua (combinação de limpador de língua com escova e aresta raspadora, e uma solução em spray para limpeza da língua) foi superior quanto à remoção de saburra lingual, quando comparada às outras, provavelmente devido à técnica e materiais utilizados. Conclusão: A limpeza da língua, quando realizada dentro de uma técnica específica, associada a produtos que potencializem a ação de limpeza, possibilita alcançar resultados superiores, permitindo uma maior remoção de saburra lingual.

Objective: Compare the efficiency of three techniques for tongue cleaning, by comparison of the amount of tongue coating removed by each technique. Methods: Tongue cleaning was performed using an Oral B 30 (Procter&Gamble, São Paulo, Brasil) toothbrush; a Saude Bucal (Odomed, São Paulo, Brasil) tongue scraper, and a new tongue cleaning technique, consisting of a tongue cleaner with bristles and a scraping edge and a Halitus® (Halitus, Campinas, Brasil) tongue cleaning spray solution. The study design used 15 healthy volunteers who were submitted to each of the tongue cleaning techniques, once every 21 days. The volunteers were instructed to abstain from any procedure to clean their tongues, for 48 hours before the application of each technique. At each scheduled time, a dental professional performed a single standardized tongue cleaning procedure using one of the cleaning methods, and inserted the removed tongue coating into a test tube. Results: The results were obtained by weighing the tube test with tongue coating after the cleaning procedure (final weight) deducting the weight of the empty tube test (initial weight). The findings showed that the new tongue cleaning technique (combination of a tongue cleaner with brush and scraper plus a tongue cleaning spray solution) was statistically superior in removing tongue coating when compared with the tongue scraper or toothbrush, probably due to the technique and materials used. Conclusion: The tongue cleaning procedure, when performed within a specific technique, associated with products that improve the cleaning action, makes possible to reach better results, allowing the removal of more tongue coating.

Avaliação de um novo enxaguatório na formação de cáseos amigdalianos / Evaluation of a new mouthwash on caseous formation

Os cáseos amigdalianos afetam uma significativa porcentagem da população. As cirurgias, conservadoras ou não, têm sido as únicas alternativas viáveis de tratamento. Entretanto, ainda hoje não há um método econômico e não-invasivo de tratamento que apresente resultados satisfatórios. OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo são avaliar a eficiência de um enxaguatório, cujos ingredientes ativos associam substâncias oxigenantes e antimicrobianas, na diminuição da formação dos cáseos amigdalianos e da saburra lingual, cuja etiologia é semelhante à dos cáseos, e avaliar a redução da concentração dos compostos sulfurados voláteis (CSVs). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo clínico e experimental, randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo-controlado. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi utilizada uma amostra de 50 voluntários, com queixa de tonsilite crônica caseosa há mais de um ano. A pesquisa foi realizada em 2005, nas cidades de São Paulo e Campinas. RESULTADOS: Para o grupo que utilizou a solução placebo, não houve correlação entre as variáveis nem significância estatística nos resultados. Para o grupo que utilizou o enxaguatório, os resultados foram significativos em todos os quesitos analisados. CONCLUSÕES: O novo enxaguatório demonstrou ser uma alternativa conservadora viável para o tratamento da tonsilite crônica caseosa, sendo eficiente também na redução da formação de saburra lingual e concentração dos CSVs.

Tonsil caseous affects a significant percentage of the population. Surgeries, conservative or not, have been the only viable alternatives of treatment. However, today there is still not, up to now, an economical and non-invasive treatment that presents satisfactory results. AIMS: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the efficiency of a mouthwash, with active ingredients that associate oxygenating and antimicrobial substances, in the reduction of caseous and tongue coating formation, whose etiology is similar to caseous, and to evaluate the reduction of the volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) concentration. STUDY DESIGN: Double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical and experimental study. MATERIAL E METHODS: A sample of 50 volunteers with more than one year of chronic caseous tonsillitis complaint used it. The research was carried out in 2005, in the cities of São Paulo and Campinas. RESULTS: For the group that used the placebo solution, there was no correlation between the variables or statistical significance in the results. For the group that used the mouthwash, the results were significant in all analyzed questions. CONCLUSIONS: This new mouthwash proved to be a viable conservative alternative for the treatment of tonsil caseous, being also efficient in the reduction of tongue coating formation and VSCs concentration.

Flavoring agents present in a dentifrice can modify volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) formation in morning bad breath

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a flavor-containing dentifrice on the formation of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) in morning bad breath. A two-step, blinded, crossover, randomized study was carried out in 50 dental students with a healthy periodontium divided into two experimental groups: flavor-containing dentifrice (test) and non-flavor-containing dentifrice (control). The volunteers received the designated dentifrice and a new toothbrush for a 3 X/day brushing regimen for 2 periods of 30 days. A seven-day washout interval was used between the periods. The assessed parameters were: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), organoleptic breath scores (ORG), VSC levels (as measured by a portable sulphide monitor) before (H1) and after (H2) cleaning of the tongue, tongue coating (TC) wet weight and BANA test from TC samples. The intra-group analysis showed a decrease in ORG, from 3 to 2, after 30 days for the test group (p < 0.05). The inter-group analysis showed lower values in ORG, H1 and H2 for the test group (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the amount of TC between groups and the presence of flavor also did not interfere in the BANA results between groups (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that a flavor-containing dentifrice seems to prevent VSCs formation in morning bad breath regardless of the amount of TC in periodontally healthy subjects.

Acidente químico com dióxido de enxofre em um populoso distrito de uma grande metrópole: cenários de exposição a partir de um modelo Gaussiano de dispersão / Chemical accident with sulfur dioxide in a densely populated metropolitan district exposure scenarios using a Gaussian dispersion model

O artigo relata a ocorrência de um acidente químico maior em um distrito populoso de uma grande metrópole, envolvendo a emissão de dióxido de enxofre de uma planta de produção de ácido sulfúrico. Discutem-se alguns cenários possíveis de exposição da população do entorno, cotejando-se valores estimados da concentração de dióxido de enxofre com valores referenciais da legislação vigente. O artigo conclui que a construção de tais cenários pode ajudar na análise do risco a que essas populações estão expostas e na tomada de decisões que objetive seu controle.

The article reports a major chemical accident occurred in a densely populated metropolitan district involving sulfur dioxide emissions of sulfuric acid plants. Possible scenarios for the exposure of neighborhood population are discussed and sulfur dioxide concentration estimates are compared with current legal reference values. The article concludes that building such scenarios can be helpful to analyze the risk of population exposure and it may become a useful decision-making tool on risk control.